The Ag Budget Operations Table presents a detailed compilation of operations along with their corresponding parameters and material inputs for both conventional and energy crops used in the Billion Ton 2023 study. This dataset encompasses a range of activities, including land preparation, planting, fertilization, pest management, land maintenance, and harvesting.
Key fields within the dataset include equipment data, fertilizer and chemical application details, and seed information. Additionally, the dataset contains cost metrics such as purchase costs and labor costs, enabling users to effectively analyze the financial aspects of crop production.
To enhance understanding of the data, a supplementary spreadsheet is provided, containing field definitions that clarify the terminology and metrics used throughout the dataset.
biomass
This dataset contains data on agricultural residue production by county from 2022 to 2041. The agricultural residue includes barley straw, corn stover, oats straw, sorghum stubble, and wheat straw. The dataset was obtained from the database of the BT23 (Davis et al., 2024) for the mature-market medium scenario with biomass market prices from $50 to $130 per dry ton.
For access to this dataset, please use the contact form and indicate the dataset by name.
This dataset contains data on agricultural crop production by county from 2022 to 2041. The agricultural crop in this dataset includes barley, biomass sorghum, corn, cotton, energy cane, eucalyptus, grain sorghum, hay, miscanthus, oats, pine, poplar, rice, soybean, switchgrass, wheat, and willow. The dataset was obtained from the database of the BT23 (Davis et al., 2024) for the mature-market medium scenario with biomass market prices from $30 to $130 per dry ton.
For access to this dataset, please use the contact form and indicate the dataset by name.
Description: BT23 update using the 2025 baseline and starting results in 2024 for Med $70 with updated budgets. Cost updates include:
• Increased the nitrogen application for the following crops: willow, camelina, carinata, pennycress, and willow.
• Removed roundup during establishment for the following crops: camelina.
• Harvest costs were updated because the combine width was adjusted. This affected the following crops: barley, camelina, carinata, corn, oat, pennycress, rice, sorghum, soybean, and wheat.
• Harvest cost was updated with biomass sorghum because an additional tractor was added to pull the high dump forage wagon, and the wagon width was adjusted to not constrain the harvest operation with the combine.
• Added poplar in the ag budget database for regions 1 and 13.
Because of the file size limit, the datasets are separated by feedstock type. The corresponding feedstock for each file are listed below.
med_crop_bdgt_conv_engy_070_20250914_com_crop_1.zip: Barley, Corn, Cotton, Grain sorghum, Hay
med_crop_bdgt_conv_engy_070_20250914_com_crop_2.zip: Oats, Rice, Soybeans, Wheat
med_crop_bdgt_conv_engy_070_20250914_en_crop.zip: Energy crops
med_crop_carb_070_20250914_com_crop_1.zip: Barley, Corn, Cotton, Grain sorghum, Hay
med_crop_carb_070_20250914_com_crop_2.zip: Oats, Rice, Soybeans, Wheat
med_crop_carb_070_20250914_en_crop.zip: Energy crops
med_crop_econ_070_20250914_com_crop_1.zip: Barley, Corn, Cotton
med_crop_econ_070_20250914_com_crop_2.zip: Grain sorghum, Hay, Oats
med_crop_econ_070_20250914_com_crop_3.zip: Rice, Soybeans
med_crop_econ_070_20250914_com_crop_4.zip: Wheat
med_crop_econ_070_20250914_herb_en_crop.zip: Herbaceous energy crops
med_crop_econ_070_20250914_woody_en_crop.zip: Woody energy crops
med_crop_prod_070_20250914_com_crop_1.zip: Barley, Corn, Cotton, Grain sorghum, Hay
med_crop_prod_070_20250914_com_crop_2.zip: Oats, Rice, Soybeans, Wheat
med_crop_prod_070_20250914_en_crop.zip: Energy crops
med_crop_qnty_070_20250914_com_crop_1.zip: Barley, Corn, Cotton, Grain sorghum, Hay
med_crop_qnty_070_20250914_com_crop_2.zip: Oats, Rice, Soybeans, Wheat
med_crop_qnty_070_20250914_en_crop.zip: Energy crops
med_resd_carb_070_20250914.zip: Agricultural residues
med_resd_econ_070_20250914.zip: Agricultural residues
med_resd_prod_070_20250914.zip: Agricultural residues
The Ag Budget Operations Table presents a detailed compilation of operations along with their corresponding parameters and material inputs for both conventional and energy crops used in the Billion Ton 2023 study. This dataset encompasses a range of activities, including land preparation, planting, fertilization, pest management, land maintenance, and harvesting.
Key fields within the dataset include equipment data, fertilizer and chemical application details, and seed information. Additionally, the dataset contains cost metrics such as purchase costs and labor costs, enabling users to effectively analyze the financial aspects of crop production.
To enhance understanding of the data, a supplementary spreadsheet is provided, containing field definitions that clarify the terminology and metrics used throughout the dataset.
This dataset contains data on agricultural crop and residue production by county from 2022 to 2041. The agricultural crop in this dataset includes barley, biomass sorghum, corn, cotton, energy cane, eucalyptus, grain sorghum, hay, miscanthus, oats, pine, poplar, rice, soybean, switchgrass, wheat, and willow, and the agricultural residue includes barley straw, corn stover, oats straw, sorghum stubble, and wheat straw. The dataset was obtained from the database of the BT23 (Davis et al., 2024) for the mature-market medium scenario with biomass market prices of up to $70 per dry ton.
For access to this dataset, please use the contact form and indicate the dataset by name.
This dataset contains data on agricultural crop and residue production by county in 2030. The agricultural crops in this dataset include barley, corn, cotton, grain sorghum, hay, oats, rice, soybeans, and wheat. The agricultural residues include barley straw, corn stover, oats straw, sorghum stubble, and wheat straw. The dataset was obtained from the database of the BT23 (Davis et al.,2024) for the near-term scenario with biomass market prices of up to $70 per dry ton.
For access to this dataset, please use the contact form and indicate this dataset by name.
This project contributes to understanding and enhancing socioeconomic and environmental benefits of biofuels through modeling the effect of prices and policy incentives on fuel markets for “hard-to-decarbonize” transportation sectors. The main analytical tool used in this project is the BioTrans model, originally developed to assess and quantify the economic and energy security benefits of biofuels for light-duty vehicles and bioproducts. This project restructured and updated the BioTrans model to assess biofuels for the hard-to-decarbonize transportation sectors such as the aviation and shipping.
The BioTrans model is a market equilibrium model assessing the biofuel supply chain for a 30-year horizon with annual periods. It is a national (United States) model and has states as its spatial units. The model maximizes social surplus, which implies minimizing the costs, while meeting transportation fuel demands. While it takes transportation fuel markets into account endogenously, land allocation decisions and non-biofuel uses of biomass are considered exogenously. The model considers potential synergies or competition for the use of biomass among the different transportation segments as well as the competition between new biofuels and incumbent petroleum-based fuels.
The diagram in Figure 1 summarizes the main components included in BioTrans as of September 2025.
Figure 1. Main components included in BioTrans
The biomass feedstocks and petroleum products in blue rectangles are those for which the model includes supply curves, and the transportation segments in red boxes are those for which the model includes demand curves. The intermediate activities reflect the steps required to convert biomass into biofuel, and the intermediate products are biofuels required for blending and retail. Each commodity must satisfy a material balance equation so that its sources and sinks match with each other.
The ability to explore the interaction of federal and state-level biofuel policies and their impact on the volume and mix of biofuels produced in the United States is one of the key attributes of the model. Figure 2 shows the list of federal and state-level biofuel-related policies and incentives contained in the BioTrans model as of September 2025.
Figure 2. Federal and state-level biofuel-related policies and incentives
The code for the BioTrans model is available at https://code.ornl.gov/bioenergy/biotrans_model
This dataset was utilized in a report to highlight parameters that affect near-term sustainable supply of corn stover and forest resources at $56 and $74 per dry ton delivered. While the report focus is restricted to 2018, the modeling runs are available from 2016-2022. In the 2016 Billion-ton Report (BT16), two stover cases were presented. In this dataset, we vary technical levels of those assumptions to measure stover supply response and to evaluate the major determinants of stover supply. In each of these cases, the supply is modeled first at the farmgate at prices up to $80 per dry ton for five deterministic scenarios. Building on this dataset, a supplementary dataset of delivered supply was modeled for 800k dry ton per year capacity facilities in two facility siting approaches. Results were summarized across delivered supply curves for twelve scenarios. The resulting supply curves are highly elastic, resulting in a range of potential supplies across scenarios at specified prices. Interactive visualization of these data allows exploration into any specified nth plant supply sensitivity to key variables and spatial distribution of stover resources.
The analysis is economic supply risk and doesn’t account for disruptions from competing demands, namely livestock feed and bedding markets.
The Biomass Energy Data Book is a statistical compendium prepared and published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) under contract with the Biomass Program in the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) program of the Department of Energy (DOE). Designed for use as a convenient reference, the book represents an assembly and display of statistics and information that characterize the biomass industry, from the production of biomass feedstocks to their end use, including discussions on sustainability.
This is the fourth edition of the Biomass Energy Data Book which is only available online in electronic format. There are five main sections to this book. The first section is an introduction which provides an overview of biomass resources and consumption. Following the introduction to biomass, is a section on biofuels which covers ethanol, biodiesel and bio-oil. The biopower section focuses on the use of biomass for electrical power generation and heating. The fourth section is on the developing area of biorefineries, and the fifth section covers feedstocks that are produced and used in the biomass industry. The sources used represent the latest available data. There are also four appendices which include frequently needed conversion factors, a table of selected biomass feedstock characteristics, and discussions on sustainability. A glossary of terms and a list of acronyms are also included for the reader's convenience.